材料科学与工程导论总复习.pptVIP

An Introduction to Materials Science Engineering — Lecture 4-1 (Chapters 6+7+8) Today’s objectives:? Introduction of basic concepts on materials’  mechanical properties. ? Some basic materials properties importance in  materials selection and design; materials testing. ? What is fracture mechanics how to use it? ? Application of fracture mechanics ? Fatigue behaviour of materials? Creep, stress rupture stress corrosion? Cold work and annealing effect on materials Mechanical properties of materials and fracture behavior (材料的力学性能及断裂行为) Terminology for mechanical properties Stress — Force or load per unit area of cross-section over which the force or load is acting. Strain — Elongation change in dimension per unit length. Young’s modulus — The slope of the linear part of the stress-strain curve in the elastic region, same as modulus of elasticity. Shear modulus (G) — The slope of the linear part of the shear stress-shear strain curve. Viscosity — Measure of resistance to flow, defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain rate. Thixotropic behavior — Materials that show shear thinning and also an apparent viscosity that at a constant rate of shear decreases with time. (a) Tensile, compressive, shear and bending stresses. (b) Young’s modulus of elastic material. (c) For nonlinear materials, the slope of a tangent is a variable quantity that replaces Young’s modulus constant Conventional mechanical properties A unidirectional force is applied to a specimen in the tensile test by means of the moveable crosshead. The cross-head movement can be performed using screws or a hydraulic mechanism Tensile test: Equipment specimen The micrograph shows necked region in a fractured sample Stress strain in deformation (tension compression) Strain: ? = ?l /lo (? 100 %) ?l ―change in length lo ― original leng