化工基础知识（Basic knowledge of chemical industry）.doc

化工基础知识（Basic knowledge of chemical industry） The scientific name, common name and chemical formula of matter Surface of diamond, graphite, 2 C mercury, mercury, Hg (3) the quick lime, calcium oxide: CaO (4) dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) : CO2 hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid (5) : HCl sulfurous acid (6) : H2SO3 (7) hydrogen sulfate: H2S slaked lime and hydrated lime (8) : Ca (OH) 2 (9), caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda: NaOH (10), soda ash, Na2CO3, soda ash, sodium carbonate crystal crystal: Na2CO3? 10 h2o (11) sodium bicarbonate, acid sodium carbonate: NaHCO3 (also called baking soda) (12) choleum, alum, copper sulfate crystal: CuSO4? 5 h2o (13) verdigris, malachite, Cu2 (OH) 2 co3 (decomposition generated three oxide) (14) methanol: CH3OH toxic, blindness, or death (15) alcohol, ethanol, C2H5OH (16) acetic acid, acetic acid (16.6 ℃) acetic acid CH3COOH (CH3COO - acetic acid ions) connectivity with acid (17), ammonia, NH3 (alkaline gas) (18), ammonia, a hydrous ammonia: NH3? H2O (for common alkali, with basic connectivity, is a base without metal ions) (19) sodium nitrite: NaNO2 (industrial salt, toxic) The state of the color of common substances 1. White solid: MgO, P2O5, CaO, NaOH, Ca (OH) 2, KClO3, KCl, Na2CO3, NaCl, no water CuSO4; Iron and magnesium silver (mercury is silver and white liquid) 2. Black solid: graphite, carbon powder, iron powder, CuO, MnO2, Fe3O4 and KMnO4 are purple black 3. Red solid: Cu, Fe2O3, HgO, red phosphorus and sulfur: light yellow, Cu2 (OH) 2CO3 is green 4. The color of the solution: the solution with Cu2 + is blue; The solution with Fe2 + is light green; The solution containing Fe3 + is brownish yellow, and the remaining solution is generally colorless. (potassium permanganate solution is Burgundy) Salt: white: CaCO3, BaCO3 (soluble in acids), AgCl, BaSO4 (also insoluble in dilute HNO3); blue: Cu (OH) 2; Red brown: Fe (OH) 3; White: the rest of the base. 6. (1) gases with irritating gases: NH3, SO2, and HCl (all colorle