机械制造基础考试重点（Mechanical manufacturing basic test key）.docVIP

机械制造基础考试重点（Mechanical manufacturing basic test key） Crystal structure of common metals: cubic lattice of cubic lattice of body centered cubic lattice. Single crystal concept: single crystal has different physical, chemical and mechanical properties in different directions, namely, anisotropy. But the actual metal is polycrystalline structure, so macroscopic view shows the performance of isotropic. Defects in crystals: these crystal defects are divided into point defects, line defects and surface defects. The cooling and cooling of pure metals: the process of converting metals from liquid to solid crystals is called crystallization. The cooling transition curve of the temperature and time measured in the cooling process of pure metal is expressed by the cooling process of liquid to solid state. This method is called thermal analysis. Theory of crystal temperature T0 and the difference between the actual crystallization temperature T1 Δ T = T0 T1 - referred to as the supercooling degree. Super-cooling degree is not a constant value, the greater the cooling speed of liquid metal, the actual crystallization temperature T, the lower the degree of supercooling Δ T. Real metals are always crystallized under cold conditions, so supercooling is a necessary condition for crystallization of metals. The crystallization of metals When the liquid pure metal is cooled to crystallization temperature, the crystallization process of the liquid pure metal is: firstly, a batch of nucleation (nucleation) is produced in the liquid, and the formed nucleus is constantly growing. The relationship between grain size and metal mechanical properties: the fine grain metal at normal temperature has higher strength, hardness, plasticity and toughness than coarse grain metal. In production, the method of refining grain grains is as follows: (1) increase the coolness Crystallization Δ T increase supercooling degree will make the crystalline grain size after fine. Modification (3) additional vibrati