2.1,2 CPU (中央处理器).ppt

Chapter 2 CPU Introduction to CPU Central processing unit etched on silicon chip called microprocessor Contain tens of millions of tiny transistors Key components: Central processing unit Registers System clock Types of Chips Intel makes a family of processors Pentium III and Pentium4 processors in most PCs Celeron processor sold for low-cost PCs Xeon and Itanium for high-end workstations and network servers Other processors Cyrix and AMD make Intel-compatible microprocessors PowerPC chips used primarily in Macintosh computers HP’s Alpha microprocessor used in high-end servers Microprocessor Speeds Measure of system clock speed How many electronic pulses the clock produces per second Usually expressed in gigahertz (GHz) Billions of machine cycles per second Some old PCs measured in megahertz (MHz) Comparison of clock speed only meaningful between identical microprocessors CPU cycle time – inverse of clock rate Current Technology Capabilities and Limitations Moore’s Law Rate of increase in transistor density on microchips doubles every 18-24 months with no increase in unit cost Rock’s Law Cost of fabrication facilities for chip generation doubles every four years Increased packing density Electrical resistance 3.2 Components of the CPU Control unit Moves data and instructions between main memory and registers Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Performs computation and comparison operations Set of registers Storage locations that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU Actions Performed by CPU CPU Registers Primary roles Hold data for currently executing program that is needed quickly or frequently (general-purpose registers) Store information about currently executing program and about status of CPU (special-purpose registers) General-Purpose Registers Hold intermediate results and frequently needed data items Used only by currently executing program Implemented within the CPU; contents can be read or written quickly Increasing their number usually decreases program exec