版必修一一单元教案.pptVIP

2．______ In western Europe and particularly in England, during the 16th and 17th centuries, many factories were created to produce such goods as paper, firearms, gunpowder, cast iron, glass, items of clothing, beer and soap. In contrast to modern mechanized plants with assembly lines, the factories were merely large workshops where each laborer functioned independently. They received the raw materials, worked in their own homes, returned the finished articles, and were paid for their labor. 3．______ The factory system, which eventually replaced the domestic system and became the characteristic method of production in modern economies, began to develop in the late 18th century, when a series of inventions transformed the British textile industry and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. 4．______ As the 20th century began, the factory system of production prevailed throughout the United States and most of Western Europe. In time it spread to the Orient, where cheap labor attracted capital from the industrialized countries of the West. Japan, which had begun to industrialize in the late 19th century, rapidly became the foremost industrial power of Asia and a serious competitor of the Western nations. 5．______ The general trend of development of the factory system has been toward larger establishments with greater capital investment per worker. Other important trends have been the rise to leadership positions of professional managers who treat factory organization and operation as a science, and the development and use of increasingly sophisticated equipment in modern factory operation. Some machines, aided by computers, semiconductors, and other technological innovations of the mid－20th century, are so nearly self－regulating that an entire factory may be kept running by a few people operating sets of controls. This method of production, or automation, has brought many economic changes, which eventually may be as basic as those resulting from the Industri