曼昆《经济学原理》frontiers--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享).pptVIP

22 Frontiers of Microeconomics ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION A difference in access to relevant knowledge is called information asymmetry. Hidden Actions: Principals, Agents, and Moral Hazard Moral Hazard Moral hazard refers to the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior. Employers can respond to the moral-hazard problem in various ways: Better monitoring. High wages. Delayed payment. Hidden Actions: Principals, Agents, and Moral Hazard Moral Hazard An agent is a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal. The principal is a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act. Hidden Actions: Principals, Agents, and Moral Hazard Adverse Selection Adverse selection refers to the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uniformed party. Hidden Actions: Principals, Agents, and Moral Hazard Example of Adverse Selection: Many time potential buyers may not even consider used cars because they surmise that the sellers know something bad about the cars. This is also known as the lemons problem. Insurance—People with hidden health problems are more likely to want to buy health insurance than those with good health In certain labor markets, if a firm reduces the wage it pays, high productivity workers tend to quit. Signaling to Convey Private Information How do Markets respond to Asymmetric Information? Signaling Signaling refers to an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party. Screening Screening occurs when an action taken by an uniformed party induces an informed party to reveal information. Asymmetric Information and Markets The study of asymmetric information gives us new reason to be wary of markets. Asymmetric Information and Public Policy When some people know more than others do, the market may fail to put the resources to their best uses. Asymmetric Informa