3 Heat, Work Energy - Garland Science（3热,工作与能源科学花环）.pdfVIP

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Heat, Work 1 0 1 3 Energy 0 ε 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Energy Is a Capacity to Store and Move Work and Heat In this chapter, we introduce energy, work, and heat. Energy and related quantities describe the capacity of a system to perform work. Energy is con- served, which means that it flows, so this capacity to perform work can be moved from one place to another. We introduce two fundamentally important ideas: the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. The First Law describes the conservation of energy and the interchangeability of heat and different types of work. The Second Law describes the tendencies of systems toward equilibrium. Energy commonly has units of joules (J), calories (cal), watt-hours (W h), or BTUs (British Thermal Units). The rate of energy transfer or conversion per unit time from one form to another is called power, and is typically measured −1 in watts (W) or J s . Energy Is Ubiquitous and Important Energy is important in commerce, technology, the environment, climate, and life. For example, a country’s standard of living, reflected approximately by its gross domestic product (GDP) per person, is correlated with its energy uti- lization per person. A person in one of the poorest countries adds $1000 to that country’s annual GDP and uses around 200 W [1]. A person in one of the 39 Combustible