3. Fluid Dynamics - iETSI（3所示。）.pdfVIP

3. Fluid Dynamics Objectives • Introduce concepts necessary to analyse fluids in motion • Identify differences between Steady/unsteady uniform/non-uniform compressible/incompressible flow • Demonstrate streamlines and stream tubes • Introduce the Continuity principle through conservation of mass and control volumes • Derive the Bernoulli (energy) equation • Demonstrate practical uses of the Bernoulli and continuity equation in the analysis of flow • Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid • Demonstrate how the momentum equation and principle of conservation of momentum is used to predict forces induced by flowing fluids This section discusses the analysis of fluid in motion - fluid dynamics. The motion of fluids can be predicted in the same way as the motion of solids are predicted using the fundamental laws of physics together with the physical properties of the fluid. It is not difficult to envisage a very complex fluid flow. Spray behind a car; waves on beaches; hurricanes and tornadoes or any other atmospheric phenomenon are all example of highly complex fluid flows which can be analysed with varying degrees of success (in some cases hardly at all!). There are many common situations which are easily analysed. 3.1 Uniform Flow, Steady Flow It is possible - and useful - to classify the type of flow which is being examined into small number of groups. If we look at a fluid flowing under normal circumstances - a river for example - the conditions at one point will vary from those at another point (e.g. different velocity) we have non-uniform flow. If the conditions at one point vary as time passes then we have unsteady flow. Under some circumstances the flow will not be as changeable as this. He following terms describe the states which are used to classify fluid flow: • unif ormf low: If the flow velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid it is said to be unif orm. • non