basic concepts of surveying - elsevier（测量的基本概念u2014u2014爱思唯尔）.pdfVIP

1 Basic concepts of surveying The aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the basic concepts of surveying. It is therefore the most important chapter and worthy of careful study and consideration. 1.1 DEFINITION Surveying may be defined as the science of determining the position, in three dimensions, of natural and man-made features on or beneath the surface of the Earth. These features may be represented in analogue form as a contoured map, plan or chart, or in digital form such as a digital ground model (DGM). In engineering surveying, either or both of the above for