地球构造（Tectonics）.doc

地球构造（Tectonics） Three principles of Earth Science: tectonics Guangdong Ocean University Yong Yan Liao (e-mail: rock6783@126.com) The last time we introduced the formation of the earth, here we analyze the structure of the earth. After nearly 4 billion 600 million years of evolution, the formation of the earths atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, solid earth and other spheres. 1.1, the basic sphere of the earth 1.1.1 atmosphere The atmosphere is the whole of the air surrounding the earth. The total mass of the atmosphere is about one millionth of the total mass of the earth, and 99.9% of the total mass is concentrated in the lower part of the atmosphere within 48km. According to thermodynamic properties, the atmosphere can be divided into troposphere, stratosphere, middle layer, thermosphere and outer layer. 1.1.2 ring The floorboard of the earth surface water. Water bodies are aggregates of water, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, snow, and water in the atmosphere. The water to form a shell around the water and the earths surface, namely the hydrosphere. Assume that the crust is a flat surface, if the water in hydrosphere evenly spread on the surface of the earth, then the earth will be covered by a 2700m deep water polo. The global ocean covers about 71% of the total area of the earths surface, and the total ocean water in the world accounts for more than 97% of the total earths water. Therefore, the ocean is the largest water hydrosphere. The central part of the ocean is called the ocean, and the marginal appendage is called the sea. The sea and the ocean communicate with each other to form a unified world ocean. The world oceans are divided into the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic ocean, India ocean and the Arctic ocean. 1.1.3 biosphere The surface of the earths atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere in the range suitable for biological survival is biosphere. The nearly everywhere in the biology, at a depth of more than 11000m deep trench