前运算阶段(2~7岁).ppt

CHAPTER 14THE RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT TO CHILDREN’S MOVEMENT AND SPORT PERFORMANCE KAREN E. FRENCH §14.1 PIAGET’S STAGE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT §14.2 DEVELOPMENT OF MEMORY §14.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LONG TERM MEMORY §14.4 SUMMARY §14.1 PIAGET’S STAGE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Piaget described cognitive development as a process that involved adaptations of cognitive structures through the child’s interactions with the environment. Adaptation occurred through two processes: assimilation and accommodation. Sensorimotor Stage Begins at birth and extends until approximately 2 years old. Substage 1, reflex activity (0-1 month) involves the use of reflexes and repetition of reflexive movements. In substage 2, (1-4months) the infant begins to display primary circular reactions. Such as thumb sucking, hand clasping, grabbing of a foot. In the third substage, (4-8 months) infants exhibit secondary circular reactions. Secondary circular reactions involve the infant reaching out to manipulate objects discovered in the environment. Examples include the infant reaching for a ball in order to grasp it or shaking a rattle in order to hear it. In the fourth substage, secondary schema (8-12 months) children integrate and adapt their schemes to obtain specific goals (Dworetzky, 1981). Infants develop an ability to anticipate actions or situations that may occur in the environment In the fifth substage, tertiary circular reactions appear. Tertiary circular reactions are characterized by the infant’s discovery of new ways to produce the desired results through active experimentation. In the last substage, the child begins to fully develop object permanence. Preoperational Stage( 2~7years) One way thinking can be organized is by forming concepts. Syncretic reasoning transductive reasoning animistic thinking Concrete Operations Conservation reverse actions mentally Three other logical operations seriation classification numeration For