病理 第八章（Pathology 8）.docVIP

病理 第八章（Pathology 8） Chapter vii diseases of respiratory system Section 1 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) A, chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis) : refers to the trachea, the bronchial mucous membrane and its surrounding tissues of chronic nonspecific inflammation. It is characterized by repeated cough, sputum or breathing symptoms, and symptoms persist for at least 3 months every year for more than two years. (I) etiology and pathogenesis: A cold; Cold weather; Virus infection and secondary bacterial infection; Smoking; Long-term exposure to industrial dust, air pollution and allergies; Intrinsic factor: low body resistance, impaired respiratory defense. (2) pathological changes: all levels of bronchial bronchial can be affected 1. Mucosal epitheliopathy: the cilia are inverted and lost. Epithelial cell degeneration, necrosis, and goblet cells increase, and squamous metaplasia can occur. 2. Mucinous glandular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypersecretion, and mucous glands. 3. Vascular wall congestion, lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration; 4. Vascular wall smooth muscle bundle fracture, atrophy, cartilage degeneration, atrophy, calcification or ossification. (iii) clinical and pathological links: Cough, expectorant, wheezing. The sputum is usually white and mucous. 2. Emphysema: Emphysema (pulmonary emphysema) refers to the respiratory bronchioles much increase in the number of peripheral lung tissue due to residual gas and a persistent expansion, accompanied by alveolar interval, so that the lung tissue elasticity, volume increases a pathological state. (I) etiology and pathogenesis: 1. Obstructive ventilation barrier 2. Increased elastase and increased activity (ii) type and its pathological characteristics: 1. Alveolar emphysema (1) central emphysema of the glands: (2) total acinar pulmonary emphysema: (3) peripheral emphysema of the glands: 2. Interstitial emphysema: because of the rupture of the alveolar wall or the fine wall of the gas, the gas