清华本科课件《生物化学》Ch1 813309717.pptVIP

FIGURE 1–22 * * FIGURE 1–5 Organisms can be classified according to their source of energy (sunlight or oxidizable chemical compounds) and their source of carbon for the synthesis of cellular material. FIGURE 19-43 Photosynthetic organisms use the energy of sunlight to manufacture glucose and other organic products, which heterotrophic cells use as energy and carbon sources. * FIGURE 1–24 Some energy interconversions in living organisms. During metabolic energy transductions, the randomness of the system plus surroundings (expressed quantitatively as entropy) increases as the potential energy of complex nutrient molecules decreases. (a) Living organisms extract energy from their surroundings; (b) convert some of it into useful forms of energy to produce work; (c) return some energy to the surroundings as heat; and (d) release end-product molecules that are less well organized than the starting fuel, increasing the entropy of the universe. One effect of all these transformations is (e) increased order (decreased randomness) in the system in the form of complex macromolecules. We return to a quantitative treatment of entropy in Chapter 13. * * FIGURE 1–26a Energy coupling in mechanical and chemical processes. (a) The downward motion of an object releases potential energy that can do mechanical work. The potential energy made available by spontaneous downward motion, an exergonic process (pink), can be coupled to the endergonic upward movement of another object (blue). FIGURE 1–26b E (b) In reaction 1, the formation of glucose 6-phosphate from glucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) yields a product of higher energy than the two reactants. For this endergonic reaction, ?G is positive. In reaction 2, the exergonic breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has a large, negative free-energy change (?G2). The third reaction is the sum of reactions 1 and 2, and the free-energy change, ?G3, is the arithmetic sum of ?G1 and ?G2. Because ?G3 is negative, the overall reaction is e