清华本科课件《细胞生物学》细胞周期与细胞分裂 630206430.pdfVIP

Lecture 11, Cell Biology 细胞周期与细胞分裂 2 一、研究系统 二、细胞周期 三、细胞分裂 四、细胞周期调控 细胞增殖（Cell proliferation） Significance: 1. For the growth and development of a multicellular organism, and for the generation of offspring; 2. Produce new organisms in unicellular species; 3. Renew the aging, apoptotic cells, and damaged tissue; So, cell proliferation is one of the most important characters for life 一、细胞周期的研究系统  酵母（遗传分析）  非洲爪蟾胚胎（无细胞系统）  果蝇胚胎  体外培养细胞（显微观察，生化分析） 酵母温度敏感突变体分析 爪蟾卵细胞体外分裂系统 分裂期细胞的标记和分析方法  显微观察  DNA 染料（Hoechst ），微管标记  3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷酸  BrdU ，溴化脱氧尿嘧啶核苷  磷酸化的组蛋白H3 （P-H3）  DNA 合成阻断剂或微管聚合阻断剂  流式细胞仪 二、细胞周期  从一次细胞分裂结束，经过物质积累过程，直到下一次细 胞分裂结束为止，称为一个细胞周期（cell cycle）。  经典的动物细胞，23 h 间期（interphase），1 h 分裂期 （m-phase） Interphase: G -S-G 1 2 M phase: Mitosis, Cytokinesis The most basic function of the cell cycle is to duplicate accurately the vast amount of DNA in the chromosomes and then segregate the copies precisely into two genetically identical daughter cells. Different cell cycle length Generally: TC18-24 hrs; TG1 12-16; TS 6-8; TG2 3-4; TM 1. The greatest variation occurs in the duration of G1 The shortest eukaryotic division cycles of all are the early embryonic cell cycles, no G1 and G2 Biochemical events of cell cycle G1 phase: decondense chromatin, Synthesize proteins (RNA) for the DNA replication. S phase: Synthesis of DNA and Histones. G2 phase: Synthesis of a few proteins (RNAs). M phase: Mitosis (meiosis) and cytokinesis Chromosome condense Mitotic spindle Contractile ring Two daughter cells