中国医科大学《生物化学》课件-biochemistry.pptVIP

* Biochemistry Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems Generally speaking it is concerned with the chemistry of those compositions (such as protein, fat, saccharide and nucleic acid)found in living organisms and their metabolic process. Principles of Biochemistry Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state. Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life Certain important pathways e.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms. All organisms use the same type of molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids nucleic acids. Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their DNA * 1.Saccharide (carbohydrate) Saccharide is a general synonym for sugars. It is a polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. It can be classified as monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide. Functions Store energy in the form of starch (photosynthesis in plants) or glycogen (in animals and humans). Provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles. Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds. Form structural components in cells and tissues. Intercellular communications 1.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars. Examples are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain: 1.2 An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number of component sugars (usually 2-6).