halliday physics（哈立德大学物理学）2013-01-Measurement-1008.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Measurement （测量） 1-1 Physical quantities, standards, and units 物理量，标准，单位 1-2 The International System of Units 国际单位制 1-3 The standard of time 时间的标准 1-4 The standard of length 长度 1-5 The standard of mass 质量 1-6 Precision and significant figures 精度和有效数字 1-7 Dimensional analysis 量纲分析 Physical quantities in mechanics: 力学中的物理量 Time, Length, Mass ? 基本单位 Base units: m, kg, s 米、千克、秒 1-1 Physical Quantities, Standards, and Units 物理量，标准，单位 导出单位 Derived units Force 力， Velocity 速度, Speed 速率, Acceleration 加速度， Momentum 动量, Angular speed 角速度，Energy 能量，….. Unnecessary to define every quantity directly 无需直接定义每一个量 1-2 The International System of Units — SI国际单位制 物质的量：摩尔 热力学温度：开尔文 电流强度：安培 发光强度：坎德拉 前缀 吉 兆 千 毫 微 纳 皮 飞 阿 Definition of the second 秒的定义： The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 vibrations of a radiation emitted by an isotope of the cesium atom. 铯原子的一种同位素辐射~9*109振动时间。 Any phenomenon 性质 that repeats itself can be used as a standard to measure time, so long as it has enough precision. 只要有足够的精度。 1-3 The Standard of Time 时间的标准 Mechanical clock 机械钟: 10s in one day Quartz crystal clock 石英钟: 1s in 200,000 years Cesium atom clock 铯原子钟: 1s in 20 million years 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 in = 30.48 cm 1 yd = 3 ft = 91.44 cm 1 mi = 1.609 km Definition 定义：The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. 光在真空中1/N秒时间内传播的距离。 1-4 The Standard of Length The first international standard of length was a bar of platinum-iridium alloy called the standard meter. 铂-铱合金棒。 1-5 The Standard of Mass The standard prototype kilogram of platinum-iridium cylinder 铂-铱柱棒标准千克 The atomic mass unit 原子质量单位 1u=1.661×10-27kg One mole of 12C atoms has a mass of 12g and contains a number of atoms numerically equal to the Avogadro constant NA=61023/mol Rule 1: Counting from the left and ignoring leading zeros, keep all digits up to the first doubtful one. 1-6 Precision an