halliday physics（哈立德大学物理学）Chap24 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.pdfVIP

Chapter 24 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics Key words reversible and irreversible 可逆和不可逆 quasi-static 准静态 entropy 熵 Carnot engine 卡诺热机 efficiency of engine 热机效率 “perfect” engine 理想热机 refrigerator 制冷机 Carnot theorem 卡诺定理 disorder 无序 configuration 位形,组态 coefficient of performance K 制冷系数 “perfect” refrigerator 理想制冷机 equally probable 等概率 microstates of system 系统微观态 multiplicity W 热力学概率 24-1 One-Way Processes All naturally occurring processes proceed in one direction only. They never, of their own accord, proceed in the opposite direction. Get energy from the ground A stone on the ground Stone leaps up × Take energy from air cool coffee warmer coffee × A drop of ink in a glass of water spread × × All ink molecules return to their original locations. A. reversible and irreversible processes. A reversible process is one in which both the system and its environment can be returned to exactly the states they were in before the process occurred. Some conditions for reversible process: 5-05可逆过程.exe 1) No work must be done by friction, viscous forces, or other dissipative (耗散) forces that produce heat. 2) There can be no heat conduction due to a finite temperature difference.(即温度不等的两物体,接触时的热交换是 不可逆的;温度相等的两物体，接触时的热交换可以是可逆过程) 。 3) The process must be quasi-static so that the system is always in an equilibrium state (o