1. Introduction. 2. Exponents – Basic Definitions （1。）.pdf

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1. Introduction. 2. Exponents – Basic Definitions （1。）.pdf

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1. Introduction. 2. Exponents – Basic Definitions （1。）

1 BASIC CALCULUS REFRESHER Ismor Fischer, Ph.D. Dept. of Statistics UW-Madison 1. Introduction. This is a very condensed and simplified version of basic calculus, which is a prerequisite for many courses in Mathematics, Statistics, Engineering, Pharmacy, etc. It is not comprehensive, and absolutely not intended to be a substitute for a one-year freshman course in differential and integral calculus. You are strongly encouraged to do the included Exercises to reinforce the ideas. Important mathematical terms are in boldface; key formulas and concepts are boxed and highlighted . To () view a color .pdf version of this document (recommended), see /~ifischer. 2. Exponents – Basic Definitions and Properties 0 1 2 3 For any real number base x , we define powers of x : x = 1, x = x , x = x ⋅x , x = x ⋅x ⋅x , etc. (The exception is 00, which is considered indeterminate.) Powers are also called exponents. 0 1 2 3 Examples: 5 = 1, (−11.2) = −11.2, (8.6) = 8.6 × 8.6 = 73.96,