9. Forced Convection Correlations - cu（9。）.pdf

Part B: Heat Transfer Principals in Electronics Cooling 9. Forced Convection Correlations Our primary objective is to determine heat transfer coefficients (local and average) for different flow geometries and this heat transfer coefficient (h) may be obtained by experimental or theoretical methods. Theoretical methods involve solution of the boundary layer equations to get the Nusselt number such as explained before in the previous lecture. On the other hand the experimental methods involve performing heat transfer measurement under controlled laboratory conditions and correlating data in dimensionless parameters. Many correlations for finding the convective heat transfer coefficient are based on experimental data which needs uncertainty analysis, although the experiments are performed under carefully controlled conditions. The causes of the uncertainty are many. Actual situations rarely conform completely to the experimental situations for which the correlations are applicable. Hence, one should not expect the actual value of the heat transfer coefficient to be within better than 10%of the predicted value. 9.1 Flow over Flat Plate With a fluid flowing parallel to a flat plate we have several cases arise: • Flows with or without pressure gradient • Laminar or turbulent boundary layer • Negligible or significant viscous dissipation (effect of frictional heating) 9.1.1 Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient and Negligible Viscous Dissipation When the free-stream pressure is uniform, the free-stream velocity is also uniform. Whether the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent depends on the Reynolds number Re (ρu x/µ) and the shape of X ∞ the solid at entrance. With a sharp edge at the leading edge the boundary layer is initially laminar but at some distance downstream