HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS - Stanford University（作业2解决方案-斯坦福大学）.pdf

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS MATH 121 Problem (10.4.8). Suppose R is an integral domain with quotient eld Q and let N be any R-module. Let U = R× be the set of nonzero elements in R and dene U −1N to be the set of equivalence classes of ordered pairs of elements (u, n) with u ∈ U and n ∈ N under the equivalence relation (u, n) ∼ (u , n ) if and only if u n = un in N . (a) Prove that U −1N is an abelian group under the operation dened by (u , n )+ 1 1 (u , n ) = (u u , u n + u n ). Prove that r (u, n) = (u, rn) denes an action 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 of R of U −1N making it into an R-module. (This is an example of localization considered in general in Section 4 of Chapter 15, cf. also Section 5 in Chapter 7.) (b) Show that the map from Q ×N to U −1N dened by sending (a/b, n) to (b, an) for a ∈ R, b ∈ U , n ∈ N , is an R-balanced map, so induces a homomorphism f from Q ⊗R N to U −1N . Show that the map g from U −1N to Q ⊗R N dened by g ((u, n)) = (1/u) ⊗ n is well-dened and is an inverse homomorphism to f. Conclude that Q ⊗ N ∼ U −1N as R-modules. R = (c) Conclude from (b) that (1/d) ⊗ n is 0 in Q ⊗R N if and only if rn = 0 for some nonzero r ∈ R. (d) If A is an abelian group, show that Q ⊗Z A = 0 if and only if A is a torsion abelian group (i.e., every element of A has nite order). Solution. (a) It is straightforward to check that letting the identity element be (1, 0) and the inverse of (u, n) be (u, −n) gives an abelian group structure on U −1