IdealOpAmpCircuits - Georgia Institute of （IdealOpAmpCircuits -乔治亚理工学院的）.pdf

IdealOpAmpCircuits The operational amplifier, or op amp as it is commonly called, is a fundamental active element of analog circuitdesign. Itismostcommonlyusedinamplifierandanalogsignalprocessingcircuitsinthefrequency bandfrom 0 to 100kHz. High-frequencyopampsareusedinapplicationsthatrequireabandwidthintothe MHzrange. Thefirstopampswerevacuum-tubecircuitswhichweredevelopedforuseinanalogcomputers. Modernopampsarefabricatedasintegratedcircuitsthatbarelittleresemblancetotheearlycircuits. This chaptercoverssomeofthebasicapplicationsoftheopamp. Itistreatedasanidealcircuitelementwithout regardtoitsinternalcircuitry. Someofthelimitationsimposedbynon-idealcharacteristicsarecoveredin thefollowingchapter. The notation used here is as follows: Total quantities are indicated by lower-case letters with upper- casesubscripts,e.g. v , i , r . Small-signalquantitiesareindicatedbylower-caseletterswithlower-case I O IN subscripts,e.g. v , i , r . Transferfunctionvariablesandphasorsareindicatedbyuppercaselettersand i o out lower-casesubscripts,e.g. V , I , Z . i o in 1.1 TheIdealOpAmp The idealopamp isathreeterminalcircuitelementthatismodeledasavoltage-controlledvoltagesource. Thatis,itsoutputvoltageisagainmultipliedbyitsinputvoltage. Thecircuitsymbolfortheidealopamp is given in Fig. 1.1(a). The input voltage is the difference voltage between the two input terminals. The output voltage is measured with respect to the circuit ground node. The model equation for the output voltageis v = A(v −v ) (1.1) O + − where A is the voltage gain, v is the voltage at the non-inverting input, and v is the voltage at the + − invertinginput. Thecontrolleds