第二章 热力学第一定律 - TTU Physics.PPT

Chapter 2The first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics deals with (a) energy conversion and (b) direction of change. Two laws, the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, are foundation of thermodynamics. They are an experience summary of human beings in long history, therefore can not be proved mathematically, while their correctness is indubitable. 2.1 Concept and nomenclature in thermodynamics 2.1.1 System and surroundings Three kinds of systems Open systems: exchange of both matter and energy Closed systems: no exchange of matter but some exchange of energy. Isolated systems: neither exchange of matter nor exchange of energy. 2.1.2 Extensive property and intensive property Extensive property its value depends on the extent or size of the system. The overall value is the sum of various parts of the system. For example, m, V, U, etc. Intensive property Its value is independent of the extent or size of the system. For example, T, c, ρ, etc. any extensive variable divided by the moles or mass becomes an intensive variable. 2.1.3 State and state function State 状态是指系统的各种内在及外在性质在一定条件下的宏观表现。(化工2004一同学） State function a property of a system that is not dependent on the way in which the system gets to the state in which it exhibits that property. Two properties of state functions (1) the infinitesimal changes of a state function can be expressed in total differential. e.g. z=f(x,y) (2) Any changes between the initial and final states depend only on the state of the system not on the paths through which the change takes place. 2.1.4 Equilibrium state three conditions have to be necessary to an equilibrium state: (A) Thermal equilibrium (B) Mechanical equilibrium (C) Chemical reaction and phase transition equilibrium 2.1.5 Steady state Steady state is a situation in which all state variables are constant in spite of ongoing processes that strive to change them. It is different from the equilibrium state. 2.1.6 Process and path Process is a change o