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Cancer Treatment Reviews 35 (2009) 193–200 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cancer Treatment Reviews journal homepage: /journals/ctrv HOT TOPIC The footprints of cancer development: Cancer biomarkers Mohd. Fahad Ullah *, Mohammad Aatif Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India a r t i c l e i n f o s u m m a r y Article history: Diagnostic detection and measurement of cancer disease progression are essential elements for success- Received 31 July 2008 ful cancer disease management. The early stages of cancer development carry the maximum potential for Received in revised form 16 October 2008 therapeutic interventions. However, these stages are often asymptomatic, leading to delayed diagnosis at Accepted 17 October 2008 the very advanced stages when effective treatments are unavailing. The application of biomarkers to can- cer is leading the way because of the unique association of genomic changes in cancer cells with the dis- ease process. They have the potential to not only help identify who will develop cancer but also to predict Keywords: as to when the event is most likely to occur. In recent years, there has been an enormous effort to develop Biomarkers specific and sensitive biomarkers for precise and accurate screening, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring Diagnosis