名词解释-核糖体与核酶（Noun - ribosome and nuclease）.docVIP

名词解释-核糖体与核酶（Noun - ribosome and nuclease） 1. Ribosome The ribosome is a ribonucleoprotein are observed in the cell (ribonucleoprotein particle), its only function is according to the instructions of mRNA synthesize amino acid protein polypeptide chain, so the ribosome is protein synthesis in the cell molecular machines. According to the existing parts of ribosomes, there are three types: cytoplasmic ribosomes, mitochondria ribosomes, chloroplast ribosomes. There are two types of biological types: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. The nucleosomes of the prokaryotic cells are small, the sedimentation coefficient is 70, and the relative molecular weight is 2.5 x103 kDa, consisting of two subunits of the 50S and 30S. The ribosomes of eukaryotic cells are larger in size, and the sedimentation coefficient is the 80S, and the relative molecular weight is 3.9 ~ 4.5 x103 kDa, which consists of two subunits of 60S and 40S. In eukaryotic cells, the ribosome during protein synthesis, can be free in the cytoplasm, called free ribosomes, can also be attached on the surface of endoplasmic reticulum, called ribosomes or attached by membrane. Eukaryotic cells contain more ribosomes, with an average of 106 ~ 107 cells per cell, compared with the average of 15 x 102 to 18 x 103 in the prokaryotic cells. The typical ribosome of the prokaryotes is made up of the small subunits of the 50S and 30S. In the complete ribosome, rRNA accounts for about 2/3 of the protein and about a third of the protein. It contains 34 different proteins and two RNA molecules, and the rRNA with a relatively high molecular weight has a sedimentation coefficient of 23S and the smaller rRNA of the molecular weight is the 5S. The 30S subbase contains 21 proteins and a 16S rRNA molecule. The sedimentation coefficient of eukaryotic cells is 80S, the greater subgroup is 60, and the subgroup is 40S. There are about 49 proteins in the big subgroup, and there are three rRNA: 28S rRNA, 5S rRNA and 5.8s rRNA. The subunit contai