Active Load Modulation for Contactless Near （有功负载调制的非接触式附近）.pdf

Active Load Modulation for Contactless Near-Field Communication Michael Gebhart and Markus Wobak, Member, IEEE , Erich Merlin and Christoph Chlestil Abstract— To integrate NFC functionality in Smartphones has the ability to offer real world-wide interoperability to the and mobile, personal devices requires small loop antennas and existing contactless HF Standards. Originally patented by specific constructions. For card mode operation there is a Philips and Sony in 2003 [1], then described in ECMA physical limit for the minimum antenna size to achieve Standards 340 and 351 [2, 3] and consisting of 14443A base standard conformance with conventional, passive load data rate (BDR) and FeliCa 212 and 424 kbit/s, it was modulation. Active load modulation (ALM) can overcome this limitation and allows to construct very small antennas, but adopted to ISO/IEC later on [4]. In 2004 the NFC Forum other problems arise to fit into existing infrastructure. We was initiated, an industry association which up to now consider NFC antennas and present a new ALM concept in consists of more than 160 members and also describes NFC construction and function, which can overcome these problems, [5]. Protocols have been extended to 14443B, 15693 and and we present first comparative results for the performance even more specific, 18000-3. Moreover, a full NFC device gain. can operate in several modes. The initiator (NFC reader) –