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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, (IEEE核科学,)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 57, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2010 3815
Progress in Quenching Circuits for Single Photon
Avalanche Diodes
Andrea Gallivanoni, Member, IEEE, Ivan Rech, and Massimo Ghioni, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—An ever wider variety of applications employ Single (either thermally or by photon absorption) the carriers are
Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) for the detection of faint op- accelerated by the high electric field until they impact ionize,
tical signals. SPADs are p-n junction biased above the breakdown thus generating additional carrier pairs; these pairs are in
voltage and operate in Geiger-mode: each electron-hole pair can
trigger an avalanche multiplication process that causes the cur- turn accelerated until ionization. A positive feedback loop is
rent to swiftly rise to its final value. Additional quenching elec- established, causing the current to swiftly rise to its final value,
tronics is necessary for a SPAD proper working. The additional limited only by the excess bias above breakdown voltage and
electronics characteristics directly affect the system’s obtainable the series resistance due to space charge effects. Therefore,
performances. Different quenching circuits affect the detector per- SPADs do not linearly amplify the current like APDs, but
formances in different ways. In the last 15 years there has been
considerable development in the integration of the quenching cir- operate in the so-called Geiger Mode: an avalanche current
cuitry directly with the detector, thus leading to improved perfor- reaches a standard final value whether it has been
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