NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Brain（大脑神经生理学,）.pdfVIP

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY ACTION POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT NERVE-TRUNK PROPERTIES EXTRACELLULAR RECORDING: Non-invasive recording of action potentials by placing electrodes outside the neuron, on the skin. MONOPHASIC RECORDING: Utilizes one electrode plus a ground electrode. The electrical potential outside the neuron is then recorded as action potentials pass through. o DEPOLARIZATION is represented as an upward peak on the graph, where up is more negative and down is more positive. As the action potential passes the electrode, the outside of the neuron becomes more + negative, as Na flux in. BIPHASIC RECORDING: Utilizes two electrodes measures the potential difference between them. o Depolarization passes the first electrode: The first electrode becomes negative with respect to the second electrode. o Depolarization passes the second electrode: The two electrodes are now both depolarized and therefore have the same volt-potential. o Depolarization then reaches second electrode while first depolarizes. THRESHOLD POTENTIAL: With external stimulation, large axons are excited more easily (have a lower threshold potential) than small axons because they have a lower internal resistance. AXON DIAMETER: Many properties of nerves vary according to axon diameter: CONDUCTION VELOCITY: There is a linear relationship between axon diameter and conduction velocity: o Myelinated Axons: CONDUCTION VELOCITY (m / sec) = 6 x Diameter (micron) o Unmyelinated Axons: CONDUCTION VELOCITY (m / sec) = 1.7 x Diameter (micron) EXTRACELLULAR EFFECTS: o The amplitude of the extracellular action potential varies directly with cell diameter. o The threshold for extracellular stimulation varies inversely with axon diameter. The larger the axon, the