NITINOL chymist（镍钛诺化学）.pdfVIP

NITINOL ©2013, 2011, 2009, 2002, 1988, 1986, 1983 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Nitinol is a nickel-titanium alloy that was discovered in 1958 by metallurgist William J. Buehler, working at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, while he was seeking an alloy for missile nose cones that could better withstand reentry. The alloy, named Nitinol for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory, exhibits a shape memory effect, that is, it radically changes shape when subjected to a temperature change. Nitinol wire is soft at a low temperature and can easily be bent into simple shapes. At high temperature. the Nitinol wire becomes stiff reverting to its original shape. Nitinol is an example of a “smart” material that undergoes changes between two solid phases, called the austenite and martensite phases, that involve rearrangement of its atoms within its crystal lattice. Nitinol is unusual in that it “remembers” its shape because the its crystal structure arrangement is not changed during a phase change. The Martensite phase is named after the German metallurgist Adolf Martens (1850–1914), who, in the 1890s, studied samples of different steels under a microscope, and found that the hardest steels had a regular crystalline structure of plate shaped crystal grains. The martensite is formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of austenite which traps carbon atoms (in carbon steel) that do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure. The Austenite phase is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843-1902). In this high temperature phase, iron changes it crystal structure resulting in a softer and ductile form of iron. The martensite and austenite phases occur in other metals in addition to iron. One applicatio