项目后评.ppt

项目后评价POST-EVALUATION In project environments the work must be tracked, evaluated, and corrected so that schedules, expenditures, and technical performance can be kept on target. The project manager oversees the work, assesses progress, and issues instructions for corrective action. As information is received, the project manager judges the status of the project and communicates this to workers, upper management, and the client. Project evaluation Projects are open systems—they are goal-oriented and utilize feedback to determine how well they are doing and when they should alter their courses of action. The primary purpose of evaluation in project is to assess performance, reveal areas where the project deviates from goals, and uncover extant of potential problems so they can be corrected. Evaluation also serves the purpose of summarizing project status to keep stakeholders informed. Upper management and the customer want to know how the project is progressing. Once the project is completed, evaluation’s purpose is to summarize and assess the outcome. Two kinds of evaluation occur in projects. (1) Formative evaluation happens throughout the project life cycle and provides information to guide corrective action. (2) Summary evaluation occurs after the project is completed and focuses on the end product or result. Formative evaluation is designed to pilot the project as it progresses. It asks the questions “What is happening?” and “How is the project proceeding?” Summary evaluation is designed to appraise the project after completion. It addresses the questions “What happened?” and “What were the results?” One of the final tasks of the project team, after the project has been terminated and the system is made operational, is to perform a formal evaluation. Summary evaluation is important regardless of the outcome of project termination, even those regrettable cases where the project was ended without having achieved its goals. 项目的后评价从20世纪30年代开始兴起，至今已有近70年