br2l+2cl-aq元素的性质.ppt

主族(Main groups) The members of a group have analogous valence-shell electron configurations. The element at the head of a group often has a character that is quite distinct from the other members of the group. There are diagonal relationships between elements, especially between Periods 2 and 3. There is a trend toward metallic character on going to the left along a period and on going down a group. 元素的性质 He-Rn， 天然存在形式, 单原子气体；Ar, the 3rd most abundant gas in the atmosphere (after N2, O2); He, the 2nd abundant element in the universe after H, rare on Earth. A component of natural gases (notably Texas) He, Buoyancy in airships; dilute O2; coolant; He-Ne lasers. Cryogenics, superfluidity (<2K); Only substance known to have more than one liquid phase. Ne, emits a red glow when an electric currents through it. Ar, provide an inert atmosphere. (light bulbs) Kr, intense white light, airport runway lighting. Xe, in halogen lamps. Anesthetic (麻醉剂) 电负性数据 元素的性质(F, Cl) F， 天然存在形式, CaF2, Na3AlF6, Ca5F(PO)3 F2, 最强的氧化剂，Eo = +2.87 V, 电解(KF+HF) 5×106 Kg / y in US, UF6 (volatile solid), processing 核燃料；SF6, electrically insulating gas; Fluorinated hydrocarbons, Teflon, Freon(氟利昂), they are inert. 大多数氟化物溶解性 低(除AgF)，尽管其丰度比Cl大。 Cl2， 电解NaCl (pale yellow-green gas) It reacts directly with nearly all the elements (除C,N,O, noble gases ). 强的氧化剂, 氧化金属到高氧化态，如： 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3(s) → 塑料，溶剂，杀虫剂; 漂白纸，纺织品；水消毒 元素的性质(Br, I) Br2, 腐蚀性红棕色冒烟液体 有机合成中，加溴和去溴 I2， 海藻2000 Kg → 1 kg I2 Cl2(g) + 2I-(aq) → I2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) 易升华，固态I2分子仍为孤立分子，不象C,Si,P,S那样形成原子链或网。 (I2+KI+乙醇), 碘酒，消毒杀菌 碘缺乏症(swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck) 注意： 一般来说, E?3 ? E?2 – E?1 例： 电负性数据 Compounds with hydrogen H2O的纯化：离子交换除钙，镁离子； H2O是氧化剂： 2H2O(l)+2e-→2OH-(aq)+H2(g) E = -0.42V at pH=7 2Na(s)+2H2O(l) →2NaOH(aq)+H2(g) BUT, 除非有强还原剂，H2O只有在高温下才起氧化剂作用， 如 CH4(g)+H2O(g) △ → CO(g)+3H2(g) (合成气) H2O是还原剂(mild)： 2H2O(l) →4H+(aq)+O2(g)+4e- E=-0.81V at pH=7 Lewis base → [Fe(H2O)6]3+ Sulfur oxides and oxoacids硫的氧化物与含氧酸 金属硫化物纳米线