应急时期与水和卫生关联的疾病Introduction to WASH-related.PPTVIP

应急时期与水和卫生关联的疾病Introduction to WASH-related diseasesin Emergencies 模块1-第2节 健康Health 什么是健康What is health? 世界卫生组织将健康定义为： 健康不仅是身体没有病或身体虚弱，还要有完整的生理、心理状态和社会适应能力 World Health Organization defines health as:“ Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” 世界卫生组织还提出： 获得高度健康的幸福感是每个人最基本的权利，这种权利不应因个人种族、宗教信仰、政治信念、经济或社会地位的不同而不同。” WHO constitution also mentions:“The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition” 应急时期的卫生Health in Emergencyy .应急时期的公共卫生也可以成为一种自然灾难，其可以引起高概率的人员伤亡。 “Public Health in Emergency”, is a natural disaster that poses a high probability of a large number of deaths or harm to a population -应急时期的卫生（处理灾难中与卫生有关的事宜） Health in Emergencies (deals with health in disasters) -紧急卫生事件（流行病） Health Emergencies (epidemics) 灾难产生的后果Consequences of Disasters 人员、牲畜伤亡Severe injuries, deaths 房屋损坏或损毁Loss/damage to shelters 财产损失Loss of properties 爆发疾病Disease outbreaks 食物短缺Food Shortages 大量人员转移Large population displacement 与健康有关的基础设施需求超负荷Load on health infrastructure 水、卫生设施需求超负荷Load on water sanitation 营养需求超负荷Load on nutrition 各种灾难对人类健康造成的后果Health Impact of different disasters 受伤Injuries 疾病传播（水生疾病、食物传播的疾病、虫媒传播的疾病）腹泻、霍乱、伤寒、疟疾、结核病Disease epidemics (water-borne, food-borne, vector-borne)–Diarrhea, Cholera, Typhoid Fever, Malaria, Tuberculosis… 应急时期，与特定人群有关的具体健康问题Population specific health issues in emergencies 小于5岁的孩子、老年人、残疾人 5 y/o children; elderly; physically challenged 急性呼吸道感染、麻疹、缺乏维生素A、营养不良、生殖健康、艾滋病毒/艾滋病ARI, Measles, Vit.A deficiency, malnutrition, reproductive health, HIV/AIDS 精神压力Psychological stress 其他——蛇咬伤，狗咬伤、皮肤疾病Others-snake-bites, dog bites, skin diseases 可增加疾病严重性的要素Factors contributing to Disaster Severity 贫穷和社会不平等造成了人们的易受灾性Human vulnerability due to poverty and social inequality 环境恶化Environmental degradation 快速的人口增长，尤其是贫困家庭人口的快速增长Rapid population