4 Chemical and Physical Changes（4化学和物理变化）.pdf

4 Chemical and Physical Changes Learning Objectives As you work through this chapter you will learn how to: distinguish between kinetic and potential energy. perform calculations involving energy units. distinguish between exothermic and endothermic processes. write balanced chemical equations. classify chemical reactions. determine whether an ionic compound is likely to dissolve in water. 4.1 Energy In newspaper articles, television reports, consumer products and even popular music you often encounter references to energy (“energy conservation”, “renewable energy sources”, “energy drinks”, “Taking all of my energy.”). This is not surprising since essentially all changes involve the transfer of energy. Energy (E) comes in many forms but there are two general types - kinetic energy (K.E.) and potential energy (P.E.). Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of an object. The faster the object moves the more kinetic energy it possesses. Potential energy is stored energy, or energy that results from an object’s position. For example, gravitational energy is the potential energy due to the force of gravity on an object; the stronger the gravitational attraction, the lower the potential energy. As a boulder is pushed up a hill it moves further away from the center of the earth and its potential energy increases as the force of gravity on the boulder decreases. In a similar way, energy can be stored in a spring as it is compressed. Where does this potential energy come from? 105 106 CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES Consider a child on a swing (Fig. 4.1). In order to start the child swinging perhaps his parent pulls him upward (position (a) in Fig. 4.1) and then lets go. Energy is transferred