4 Phonetics and Phonology WAC Clearinghouse（4语音学和音系学,WAC清算所）.pdf

4 Phonetics and Phonology key concepts Articulatory phonetics, phonetic symbols Consonants, approximants, vowels Syllables, feet Phonology, phonemes, allophones, phonological rules introduction In this chapter we sketch the pronunciation system of English. We begin with phonetics, a system for describing and recording the sounds of lan- guage objectively. Phonetics provides a valuable way of opening our ears to facets of language that we tend to understand by reference to their written rather than their actual spoken forms. Phonology concerns itself with the ways in which languages make use of sounds to distinguish words from each other. Teachers should be knowledgeable about the phonetics and phonology of English because (1) the sound system is primary and the basis for the spelling system; (2) they may have to teach English pronunciation to stu- dents who are not native speakers of English; (3) they may have to teach poetry, which requires that they teach about rhyme, alliteration, assonance, and other poetic devices that manipulate sound; (4) it is important to un- derstand accents and language variation and to react appropriately to them and to teach appropriate language attitudes about them to students (see our chapters on Language and Society and Usage in Book II); (5) we are so liter- ate that we tend to “hear” the sounds of our language through its spelling system, and phonetics/phonology provides a corrective to that; and (6) pho- netics and phonology provide systematic and well-founded understandings of the sound patterns of English. articulator y phonetics We have three goals in this section. First, we introduce you to the ways in which the sounds of English are produced. Second, we develop a system for classifying speech sounds on the basis of how they are produced. Simultane- ously we introduce an alphabet approximating that developed by the Inter- national Phoneti