Basic Concepts of Set Theory, Functions and （集合论的基本概念、功能和）.pdf

Ling 310, adapted from UMass Ling 409, Partee lecture notes March 1, 2006 p. 1 Basic Concepts of Set Theory, Functions and Relations 1. Basic Concepts of Set Theory1 1.1. Sets and elements 1 1.2. Specification of sets 2 1.3. Identity and cardinality 3 1.4. Subsets 4 1.5. Power sets 4 1.6. Operations on sets: union, intersection4 1.7 More operations on sets: difference, complement5 1.8. Set-theoretic equalities 5 Chapter 2. Relations and Functions 6 2.1. Ordered pairs and Cartesian products 6 2.2. Relations8 2.3. Functions9 2.4. Function composition10 Based on: Chapters 1 and 2 of Partee, Barbara H., Meulen, Alice ter, and Wall, Robert. 1990. Mathematical Methods in Linguistics . Dordrecht: Kluwer. Also “Preliminaries” from Partee 1979, Fundamentals of Mathematics for Linguistics . 1. Basic Concepts of Set Theory. 1.1. Sets and elements Set theory is a basis of modern mathematics, and notions of set theory are used in all formal descriptions. The notion of set is taken as “undefined”, “primitive”, or “basic”, so we don’t try to define what a set is, but we can give an informal description, describe important properties of sets, and give examples. All other notions of mathematics can be built up based on the notion of set. Similar (but informal) words: collection, group, aggregate. Description: a set is a collection of objects which are called the members or elements of that set. If we have a set we say that some objects belong (or do not belong) to this set, are (or are not) in the set. We say also that sets consist of their elements. Examples: the set of students in this room; the English alphabet may be viewed as the set