Concepts for the Stabilization of Metal （概念的稳定金属）.pdf

12 Concepts for the Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids Alexander Kraynov and Thomas E. Müller CAT Catalytic Center, ITMC, RWTH Aachen University Germany 1. Introduction Nanoparticles - assemblies of hundreds to thousands of atoms and a size in the range of 1-50 nm - can be considered at first approximation as a state of matter intermediate between single atoms or molecules and bulk bodies. While the properties of atoms and molecules can be described via quantum mechanics, the properties of bulk bodies are described by solid- state physics. Using quantum chemical models for describing nanoparticles is demanding because of the huge number of strongly interacting atoms, which have to be taken into account. On the other hand, methods of solid state physics cannot always be applied as nanoparticles often demonstrate size dependent quantum effects,[1] e.g., in surface plasmon resonance.[2, 3] Magnetic,[4] thermodynamic,[5] catalytic [6] and other properties of nano- particles can also depend on their size. Due to their small size, nanoparticles have a very high specific surface area and dispersion, the latter being defined as the ratio of the number of surface atoms to the total number of atoms in the particle. Platinum particles with 2 nm diameter, e.g., have a surface area of 140 m2/g and a dispersion of 50 %. Note that also the relative concentration of atoms located at corners, edges, and faces is strongly size dependent (Fig. 1)