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Defects Introduced into Metals During （缺陷引入金属在）.pdf

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Defects Introduced into Metals During （缺陷引入金属在）

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Defects Introduced into Metals During Fabrication and Service - A.J.Wilby and D.P. Neale DEFECTS INTRODUCED INTO METALS DURING FABRICATION AND SERVICE A.J.Wilby and D.P. Neale British Energy Ltd., Gloucester, UK Keywords: Defects, metals, service, failure, casting, cracks, forging, fabrication, welding, metallurgical, heat-treatment, embrittlement, fatigue, creep, oxidation, wear, cavitation, tribosystem Contents 1. Introduction 2. Primary Production Defects S 2.1. Casting Defects S 2.1.1. Pipe and Shrinkage S 2.1.2. Inclusions L R 2.1.3. Segregation 2.1.4. Porosity O E 2.1.5. Surface Defects T 2.1.6. Other Defects E 2.2. Forming Defects P 2.2.1. Cracks, Laps and Seams – 2.2.2. Surface Defects A 3. Defects Introduced During Fabrication H O 3.1. Defects Resulting From Cutting 3.2. Joining Methods C C 3.2.1. Design Related Defects 3.2.2. Procedure and Process Defects S 3.2.3. Metallurgical Factors E E 3.3. Heat Treatment L 3.3.1. Stress relief of machined or welded components N 3.3.2. Hardening and quench cracking P 3.3.3. Embrittlement U 4. Defects Introduced in Service M 4.1. Fatigue A 4.2. High Temperature Defects 4.2.1. Mechanical property degradation and creep S 4.2.2. Environmental interaction 4.2.3. Microstructural Changes 4.3. Wear 4.3.1. Abrasive Wear 4.3.2. Adhesive Wear 4.3.3. Fretting 4.3.4. Erosion 4.3.5. Rolling Contact Wear 4.4. Embrittlement 5. The significance of defe