10Links高级计算机网络课件.pptVIP

LinksReading: Chapter 2 COS 461: Computer Networks Jennifer Rexford Goals of Today’s Lecture Link-layer services Encoding, framing, and error detection Error correction and flow control Sharing a shared media Channel partitioning Taking turns Random access Ethernet protocol Carrier sense, collision detection, and random access Frame structure Hubs and switches Message, Segment, Packet, and Frame Link Layer Protocol for Each Hop IP packet transferred over multiple hops Each hop has a link layer protocol May be different on different hops Analogy: trip from Princeton to Lausanne Limo: Princeton to JFK Plane: JFK to Geneva Train: Geneva to Lausanne Refining the analogy Tourist == packet Transport segment == communication link Transportation mode == link-layer protocol Travel agent == routing algorithm Adaptors Communicating Link layer implemented in adaptor (network interface card) Ethernet card, PCMCI card, 802.11 card Sending side: Encapsulates datagram in a frame Adds error checking bits, flow control, etc. Receiving side Looks for errors, flow control, etc. Extracts datagram and passes to receiving node Link-Layer Services Encoding Representing the 0s and 1s Framing Encapsulating packet into frame, adding header, trailer Using MAC addresses, rather than IP addresses Error detection Errors caused by signal attenuation, noise. Receiver detecting presence of errors Error correction Receiver correcting errors without retransmission Flow control Pacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes Encoding Signals propagate over physical links Source node encodes the bits into a signal Receiving node decodes the signal back into bits Simplify some electrical engineering details Assume two discrete signals, high and low E.g., could correspond to two different voltages Simple approach High for a 1, low for a 0 Problem With Simple Approach Long strings of 0s or 1s introduce problems No transitions from low-to-high, or high-to-low Receiver keeps average of signal it has r