语言学教程 第三版 Chapter 2-Speech Sound课件.pptVIP

Chapter 2 ;2.0 Brief introduction 2.1 How speech sounds are made? 2.1.1 Speech organs 2.1.2 The IPA 2.2 Consonants and vowels 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.2 Vowels 2.2.3 The sounds of English 2.3 From phonetics to phonology 2.3.1 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 2.3.2 Phonemes 2.3.3 Allophones 2.4 Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features 2.4.1 Assimilation 2.4.2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition 2.4.3 Distinctive features 2.5 Suprasegmentals 2.5.1 The syllable structure 2.5.2 Stress 2.5.3 Intonation 2.5.4 Tone; ■As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. ■We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. ■Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. 　　 　　 　;■Naturally, the study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process: ■Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. ■Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. ■Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. ■Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ■It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. ■In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. ■Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the ru