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动词和身体（b）
Tense and Aspect II;I. Uses of present perfective
1. have/ has + ed分词构成
2. 两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法
I have eaten my dinner.
(发生在过去某时的动作到现在已经完成。)
He has lived here for 10 years/ since 1999.
(发生在过去某时的动作一直持续到现在有
可能继续。);3. 区别：已完成用法通常不与段时间连用，未完成用法常与段时间连用。
I have finished my homework. 已完成用法
I have known him for 8 years. 未完成用法
II. Uses of present perfective progressive
1. have/ has been +ing分词构成
2. 用法与现在完成体未完成用法相仿，可以互换
He has lived here for 10 years.
He has been living here for 10 years.
(强调一种持续性);3. 不能互换，比较：
Who has eaten my dinner? （全吃光）
Who has been eating my dinner?
（有剩余）
Example:
我工作了整整一天。
I have been working all day.
我学英语学了好些年了。
I have been learning English for quite
a few years.;我真累了。我一直在打羽毛球，我已经很长时间没打。
I am really tired. I have been playing badminton. I haven’t played for a long time.
我认识这位作家有些年了，我一直都在读他写的小说。
I have known this writer for several years. I have been reading his novels.;III. Uses of past perfective
1. had + ed 分词构成
2. 两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法
相对的时间是过去：过去的过去，在过去某时之前发生的动作。
I had eaten my dinner before they came. 已完成
He told me that he had lived here for 10
years. 未完成
Example:;当我们到达操场的时候，比赛已经开始了。
When we got to / reached the playground, the match/game had begun.
我还没来得及向他解释，他就走了。
Before I explained to him, he had left.
IV. Uses of past perfective progressive
1. had been+ ing 分词构成
2. 与现在完成进行体用法相仿，只是时间推移
到了过去。
Example:;在他大学毕业之前，他一直在努力地学习电脑。
Before he graduated from the college, he had been making efforts to learn computer.
在老师到来之前，我已经在教室呆了五分钟了。
By the time the teacher came, I had been staying in the classroom for 5 minutes. ;3. when/ before/ after/ until 引导的分句中过去完成体的用法。
表示动作先后，可以互换：
When they came, I had eaten my dinner.
I had eaten my dinner before they came.
After I had eaten my dinner, they came.
They didn’t come until I had eaten my
dinner.
By the time they came I had eaten my
dinner.; 注：
1) 通常一个动作用一般过去时，一个用过去完成体。
2) After /b
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