生态学chap 5 10.ppt

Temperature Life Chapter 5 Copyright ? The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Outline Microclimates Terrestrial 　Aquatic Temperatures Temperature and Animal Performance Temperature and Photosynthesis Temperature and Microbial Activity Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Body Temperature Regulation Surviving Extreme Temperatures Microclimates Macroclimate: Large scale weather variation. e.g. climate diagram Microclimate: Small scale weather variation, usually measured in small (a few kilometers, meters, or even centimeters) area over shorter time period. What factors can affect micro-temperature? Crab catch? Temperature relations Altitude--Higher altitude - lower temperature. Aspect--Offers contrasting environments. Vegetation--Ecologically important microclimates. Color of the ground--Darker colors absorb more visible light. Presence of boulders--Create shaded, cooler environments. Animal burrows Due to the physical nature of soil Aquatic Temperatures: less fluctuations Specific Heat Absorbs heat without changing temperature. 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C. Air - .0003 cal Latent Heat of Evaporation 1 cal can cool 580 g of water. Latent Heat of Fusion 1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes. Aquatic Temperatures Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade. Temperature and Animal Performance Enzyme activity Temperatures and Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: Different plants have different optimal temperatures. Temperature and Microbial Activity Morita studied the effect of temperature on population growth among psychrophilic marine bacteria around Antarctica. Grew fastest at 4o C. Some growth recorded in temperatures as cold as - 5.5o C. Some thermophilic microbes have been found to grow best in temperatures as hot as 110o C. Optimal Growth Temperatures Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Body Temperature Regulation Poikilotherms 变温生物 Body temperature varies directly with envir