misspenalty-清华大学资讯工程系-国立清华大学.ppt

* * * * Let summarize today lecture. The first thing we covered is the principle of locality. There are two types of locality: temporal, or locality of time and spatial, locality of space. We talked about memory system design. The key idea of memory system design is to present the user with as much memory as possible in the cheapest technology while by taking advantage of the principle of locality, create an illusion that the average access time is close to that of the fastest technology. As far as Random Access technology is concerned, we concentrate on 2: DRAM and SRAM. DRAM is slow but cheap and dense so is a good choice for presenting the use with a BIG memory system. SRAM, on the other hand, is fast but it is also expensive both in terms of cost and power, so it is a good choice for providing the user with a fast access time. I have already showed you how DRAMs are used to construct the main memory for the SPARCstation 20. On Friday, we will talk about caches. +2 = 78 min. (Y:58) Y-axis is performance X-axis is time Latency Clich? Not e that x86 didn have cache on chip until 1989 Eearly restart: to resume the execution as soon as the requested word of block is returned rather than wait for the entire block. Work good for instruction. critical word first: the requested word is transferred first. Then the remaining transfer start from the word next to the requested word and wrapping around to the beginning. Each line represents a cache of different size. You are right, memory is too slow. We really didnt writ e to the memory directly. We are writing to a write buffer. Once the data is written into the write buffer and assuming a cache hit, the CPU is done with the write. The memory controller will then move the write buffer contents to the real memory behind the scene. The write buffer works as long as the frequency of store is not too high. Notice here, I am referring to the frequency with respect to time, not with respect to number of instructions.