担保物权security,guarantee,mortgage,lienandpledge的区别于定义.docVIP

担保物权Security, guarantee, mortgage, lien and pledge 2011-09-26 09:12:03 在牵涉security interests时，这是一些十分相似且容易混淆的词汇Security 是一个overarching的概念，包含了mortgage,pledge,lien,charge等形式。其本质在于：债权人通过建立与担保物的某种联系（包括占有、所有等）要求债务人对其履行债务或执行义务. It is also a risk management devise for protecting an investment, or ensuring payment for a service or performance of an obligation. 与债务（debt）不同，担保是一种对财产的权利：secuirty creates a right over property; debts create a contracctual obligation to repay.Guarantee 的核心在与indemnitty（赔偿：it’s a collateral contract entered by the guarantor to answer for the debtor’s debt or defult or non-performance）。由guarantee引起的法律权利和义务是一种次级责任和义务, 其产生的前提是借贷双方的primary agreement has come to an end。 与secuirty中grantor和debtor往往是同一个人不同，guarantee一定存在第三方，因为guarantee之所以产生是因为creditor对debtor的不信任(have no absolute faith)。Mortgage被广泛理解为按揭，但其本身不仅限于抵押real property，也可以是personal property。 Mortgage 不依赖对物的占有(non-possessory rights)，区别于其他概念的地方在于该种抵押effected by means of conveyance of the property, 即所有权(title)的变更：由承押人mortgagor予mortgage产生时转移至受押人mortgagee，再由mortgagee予mortgagor履行完所有义务后交回。Charge和mortgage一样，产生不依赖对物的占有的权利(non-possessory rights)，与mortgage不同之处在于charge不涉及产权的转移（passing of title）,受押记人chargee有权在押记人chargor 不履行义务时占用受压财产(bestow proprietary to approriate an asset or class of assets).Lien 留置，是根据协定(created by contract)或由法律在必要情况下产生的(implied by law, eg, vendor’s equitable lien)对于货物的担保物权。区别于mortgage和charge, 该权利依赖于对物的占有(retain possession of encumbered property);区别于pledge, 这种占有无法转化为销售权（right of sale）。Pledge or “pawn” 质押, 以寄托的方式实现担保(to take security through use of a bailment); pledge 和lien一样依赖对物的占有，区别是在质押人plegor不履行义务时，pledge不旦允许占有质押物，通常也允许销售质押物。 Hypothecation is the practice where (usually through a letter of hypothecation) a borrower pledges collateral to secure a debt or a borrower, as a condition precedent to a loan, or has a third party (usually an affiliate) pledge collateral for the borrower. a.) Hypothecation is a mode of security in which bank extends the assistance to the company against th