19.第十九章 时态一致和叙述法.doc

19.第十九章 时态的一致與敘述法 一. 时态的一致 1. My sister knows that I love the girl. 我的姐姐知道我爱这个女孩。 2. My sister knows that I loved the girl. 我的姐姐知道我爱过这个女孩。 3. My sister knows that I will fall in love the girl. 我的姐姐知道我会爱上这个女孩。 以上都是 主要字句的现在式。 4. My sister knew that I loved the girl. 那个时候我的姐姐知道我爱这个女孩。 5. My sister knew that I had loved the girl. 那个时候我的姐姐知道我爱过这个女孩。 6. My sister knew that I would fall in love with the girl. 那个时候我的姐姐知道我会爱上这个女孩。(过去的将来时) 以上都是主要字句的一般过去式。 She says that She is free now. She was free yesterday. She has said She has been free lately. She will say She will be free tomorrow. She had been busy tomorrow. 时间线 过去完成时 过去式 现在式 未来式 He said that 本动词在 过去完成式 过去式 的范围和现在未来没有关系 He did it. / He was doing it. He had done it. He had been doing it. He would do it. He would have done it. He would have been doing it. He had said that He hadn’t done it. He had been here for too hours. 时态一致的例外 不变的真理 用 现在式 The child learned that the earth goes round the run. 孩子得知地球是绕着太阳转的。 The teacher told us that practice makes perfect. 老师告诉我们孰能生巧 B. 到现在都没变得习惯或事实 用 现在式。 1. She often told me that she keeps early hour. 2. She told me that school begins at eight. C. 历史的事实 用 过去式 1. The teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 2. He said that World War II ended in 1945. D. 假设语气—不受时态一致的限制。(事实与假设时态差一级，往前推) 1. If he were a bird, he could fly. (前面用过去式，后面也要用过去式。) He says/said if he were a bird, he could fly. （前面过去，后面就用助动词的过去） He speaks English as if he were a native speaker. He spoke 二． 叙述法 主词+say[said] to sb., “直述句” (直接叙述句) 主词+tell[told]人 (that) “直述句” (间接叙述句) 1. Bill says, “I hate math.”直接叙述法 2. Bill says (that) he hates math. 间接叙述法 (1) 直接叙述法及间接叙述法的不同 A. 时态的变化 1. May said, “I like listening to pop music.” = May said that she liked listening to pop music. (转述过去所说的话，所以要用过去式) 2. The student answered, “An hour consists of sixty minutes.” = The student answered that an hour consists of sixty minutes. (不变的真理现在式) 3. Helen answered, “The rain has stopped.” =Helen answered that