geodynamics0710断层.ppt

第九章 断层 Fault 一、断层 Ductile deformation Brittle deformation 1976年唐山地震破坏 断层的类型及与应力状态关系逆断层－最大压应力 水平（X方向） 中间主应力 水平（Z方向） 最小压应力 垂直 正断层 最小压应力 水平（X方向） 中间主应力 水平（Z方向） 最大压应力 垂直走滑断层最大压应力 水平（X方向） 最小主应力 水平（Z方向） 中间压应力 垂直 震源机制－ P 波初动解 逆断层 正断层 Seismic sources Normal Faulting Reverse Faulting Strike-slip Faulting Earthquake Kinematics 弹性回跳 Seismic Moment Moment tensor components Beachballs and moment tensor Iceland Tibet 二、 库仑－摩尔准则和拜尔利定律 ?＝?0＋??n 摩尔圆 法线与最大主应力夹角为?的面上，正应力和剪应力可由图中读出 Mohr’s Circle of Stress Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Stresses in Rock Mohr-Coulomb Criterion for Salt 孔隙水压的影响 拜尔利定律 ?＝?（?n－p） San Andreas 断层之谜 三 摩擦本构关系 粘滑与稳滑 断层－状态相关本构关系 四 断层模型 断层模型 Geometry and modeling setup Rate- and state-dependent friction law(including a single state variable, Dieterich, 1978, 1981; Ruina, 1983) Depth-averaged (over seismogenic zone) slip versus x (along strike) Current Paradigm for Subduction zone Current Paradigm for Subduction zone A conceptual Fault Model Current Paradigm for Subduction zone A conceptual Fault Model Stress transfer during the seismic cycle Current Paradigm for Subduction zone A conceptual Fault Model Stress transfer during the seismic cycle 五 应力触发和应力影 Stress trigger and stress shadow 干涉花纹 (A) Interferometric map showing the 8 Nov. 1997 coseismic surface displacement field. One full-color cycle (blue-red-yellow-blue) represents 50 cm of ground shift away from satellite radar line of sight. (B) Observed (red and blue) and modeled (gray) line of sight displacement profiles perpendicular to fault. Fault is modeled in an elastic half-space as a vertical plane, 8 k