Lighting分析.pptVIP

Lighting Light pollution Light pollution A growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs , houses , and buildings . Often wasted light in volving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions . Described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted . Types Consequences Energy waste . Effects on animal and human health and psychology. Disruption of ecosystem Effect on astronomy Increase in atmospheric pollution Reduction Improving lighting fixtures Adjusting types of light sources Re-designing lighting plans Artificial Lighting Incandescent Bulbs Delivers 85% of household lighting Light instantly,warm light, excellent color Low efficacy Short average operating life Least expensive cost Hot Overall- least efficient Artificial Lighting CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) Combine popularity of incandescents with efficiency of fluorescents Flicker slightly when turned on Cost 3-10 times more than incandescents, last 6-15 times longer Operate most efficiently within a moderate temperature range Artificial Lighting LED (Light-emitting diodes) Lasts 20 times longer than incandescents, 10 times longer than CFLs More expensive initial cost, yet lower operating cost Durable- resistant to thermal and vibration shock Typically cast light in one direction at a narrow angle Overall- most efficient, still developing Flood vs. Spot Lights General lighting: lighting designed to provide a substantially uniform illuminance throughout an area, exclusive of any provision for special local requirements Accent lighting: directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or to draw attention to a part of the field of view Directional lighting: illumination on the work-plane or on an object predominantly from a single direction. Natural Lighting Efficient use of windows reduce the need for artificial lighting during the day South-daylighting and moderati