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MS#98.GST2 Abraham 1 Neuchatel #2, a talk at Neuchatel GST Summer School, Monday September 7, 1998 Submitted to the Proceedings, Eric Schwartz, ed., Saturday December 19, 1998 Complex Dynamical Systems by Ralph H. Abraham Professor of Mathematics, University of California at Santa Cruz Visual Math Institute, POB 7920, Santa Cruz, CA 95061 Dedicated to Anatol Rapoport Abstract Complex dynamical systems theory and system dynamics diverged at some point in the recent past, and should reunite. This is a concise introduction to the basic concepts of complex dynami- cal systems, in the context of the new mathematical theories of chaos and bifurcation. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Dynamical systems 3. Dynamical schemes 4. Complex dynamical schemes 5. Software 6. Conclusion Bibliography Rev. 1.0 of 22 November 1998 MS#98.GST2 Abraham 2 1. Introduction Dynamical systems theory begins with Newton in the 17th century and took a radical turn with Poincaré a century ago. During this century, the community of scientists using dynamical systems to model natural systems discovered a technique of combining simple systems into networks, and this movement evolved, through cybernetics and general systems theory, into the branch of math- ematics now known as complex dynamical systems theory, or nearly equivalently, as systems dynamics. Dynamical systems occur in four different flavors: • flows, or continuous-time, autonomous dynamical systems, • cascade