农业工程测试技术讲义.ppt

测量误差概念 真值 相对真值 理论真值 约定真值 ——在一定条件下，被测量客观存在的实际值。 m——1/299792458秒内光在真空中行进的距离。 绝对误差 Δ=x-x0 误差 相对误差 Δ/x0 引用误差 在工程应用中，确定仪表精确等级常用引用误差来表示。 ——是指仪表示值的最大绝对误差与仪表的测量上限值或量程之比。我国规定电工仪表精度等级：0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、5.0。0.1表示0.1%，其他类推。 误差分类 系统误差 随机误差 粗大误差 测试系统应用 Monitoring and diagnosis of machines / plant / process / structure Quality control and quality management – product quality attributes, process capabilities, six sigma control ISO 9000 series standard. ISO 9001 is the world’s most established quality framework, currently being used by around 897,000 organizations in 170 countries worldwide, and sets the standard not only for quality management systems, but management systems in general. Traceability. Documentation as part of company’s Standard Operating Procedure Feedback control Control of continuous process (chemical plants, drug manufacturing) Automation of discrete manufacturing processes (cutting, welding, polishing, micro assembly of cell pellets, etc) Navigation and control of autonomous systems such as Unmanned Autonomous Systems (UAS), Rocket, submarines. Biomedical Engineering Diagnosis, medical imaging Imaged-guided surgery Assistive devices – artificial prosthetics Measurement for Control Feedback-control stage — A controller that interprets the measured signal and makes a decision regarding the control Process control Signal that changes the process parameter affects the magnitude of the sensed variable E.g., household furnace thermostat Operator fixes the set point for temperature Furnace activated as the local temperature changes Expert system controller — Algorithms to determine the optimum set conditions Mechatronics — Interfacing of mechanical and electrical components Microprocessors, controllers and measurements Closed-Loop Control Sequence Closed-loop controller Used to compare the state of a process Taking action to reduce difference of measured and set condition variables Difference is the error signal Controller acts on the error signal Ad