武汉大学无机化学课件07.ppt

* * * * * * * * * a) 16 electrons total; 1s22s22p63s23p4 or [Ne]3s23p4 b) 56 electrons total; [Xe]6s2 c) 63 electrons total; [Xe]6s24f7 * * * * * * If the levels were not quantized, we’d probably see white light. This is because all possible value of energy could be released, meaning all possible colors would be emitted. All the colors combined make white light. Since only certain colors are observed, this means that only certain energy levels are allowed. An electron can exist at one level or another, and there are regions of zero probability in between. * * * * * * * For each transition, use ΔE = hc / λ = (–2.178×10–18)[(1/nf) – (1/ni)]. Solve for λ in each case. a) blue (λ = 434 nm) b) green (λ = 486 nm) c) orange/red (λ = 657 nm) The longest wavelength of light is from transition n = 3 to n = 2 (letter c). * * * * * * * * * * The allowed values of l run from 0 to 2, so the number of allowed subshells is 3. Thus the subshells and their designations are: l = 0, 3s l = 1, 3p l = 2, 3d * The magnetic quantum numbers are -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. The number of orbitals is 5. * * * * * * * * * * Ionization Energy In general, as we go across a period from left to right, the first ionization energy increases. Why? Electrons added in the same principal quantum level do not completely shield the increasing nuclear charge caused by the added protons. Electrons in the same principal quantum level are generally more strongly bound from left to right on the periodic table. Ionization Energy In general, as we go down a group from top to bottom, the first ionization energy decreases. Why? The electrons being removed are, on average, farther from the nucleus. The Values of First Ionization Energy for the Elements in the First Six Periods Explain why the graph of ionization energy versus atomic number (across a row) is not linear. electron repulsions Where are the exceptions? some include from Be to B and N to O CONCEPT CHECK! Which atom would require more energy to remove an e