2.1 Structural action Whittles Publishing（2.1结构行动一来出版）.pdfVIP

Chapter 2 Basis of design and materials 2.1 Structural action It is necessary to start a design by deciding on the type and layout of structure to be used. Tentative sizes must be allocated to each structural element, so that an analysis may be made and the sizes confi rmed. All liquid-retaining structures are required to resist horizontal forces due to the liquid pressures. Fundamentally there are two ways in which the pressures can be contained: (i) by forces of direct tension or compression (Figure 2.1); (ii) by fl exural resistance (Figure 2.2). Structures designed by using tensile or compressive forces are normally circular and may be prestressed (see Chapter 4). Rectangular tanks or reservoirs rely on fl exural action using cantilever walls, propped cantilever walls or walls spanning in two direc- tions. A structural element acting in fl exure to resist liquid pressure reacts on the sup- porting elements and causes direct forces to occur. The simplest illustration (Figure 2.3) is a small tank. Additional reinforcement is necessary to resist such forces unless they can be resisted by friction on the soil. 2.2 Exposure classifi cation Structural concrete elements are exposed to varying types of environmental condi- tions. The roof of a pumphouse is waterproofed with asphalt or roofi ng felt and, apart from a short period during construction, is never externally exposed to wet or damp conditions. The exposed legs of a water tower are subjected to alternate wetting and drying from rainfall but do not have to contain liquid. The lower sections of the walls of a reservoir are always wet (except for brief periods during maintenance), but the upper sections may be alternately wet and dry as the water level varies. The underside of the roof of a closed reservoir is damp from condensation–because of the water- proofi ng on the external surface of the roof, the roof may remain saturated over its complete depth. These various condi