Application of Overreaching Distance Relays （过度延伸距离继电器的应用）.pdfVIP

D-4: Application of Overreaching Distance Relays Application of Overreaching Distance Relays Outline 1. Introduction  Why we are writing this document. 2. Background A. Zone Descriptions B. Purpose of overreaching distance zones; step-distance and pilot C. Susceptibility of overreaching distance zones to undesirable operation 3. Application Practice A. Application of high-speed distance functions (forward and reverse) in pilot schemes 1. Permissive and blocking schemes 2. Phase versus ground distance B. Stepped-distance and remote backup applications 1. Remote backup by zone two or zone three C. Special considerations: 1. Three-terminal applications 2. Loadability limitations 3. Power swing considerations (brief discussion of the existing practice, or the lack of thereof) 4. Overreaching Distance Functions and Line Loadability: A. Definition of loadability and sample calculations B. Zone Characteristics Impacting Loadability: 1. Variations in Zone Positioning a. Mho characteristic angle adjustment - maintaining a given mho circle b. Offsetting of mho characteristics 2. Variations in Zone Shape a. Lens characteristic b. Rectangular (Quadrilateral) characteristic 3. Supervision of Zone tripping a. Use of blinders b. Use of load encroachment characteristics C. Means to prevent tripping on load: 1. Shaping the characteristics load encroachment blocking 2. Using ground directional overcurrent (67N) instead of Z2 in pilot schemes 3. Maximum sensitivity angle (characteristic or torque angle) Considerations 5. Overreaching Distance Functions and Power Swings: A. Power Swing